The effects of chilling and forcing temperatures on spring synchrony between larch casebearer and tamarack

Spring phenological synchrony can be important for tree-insect interactions. Depending on the magnitude and direction of shifts, overwintering insects could affected in many ways, example, facing starvation or having to contend with increased chemical physical defences host trees. If temperature has different influences phenology trees insects, climate change alter spring synchrony. In this experiment, we exposed tamarack seedlings larch casebearer larvae from Minnesota, USA, a variety chilling forcing temperatures measured (twig bud break larval activation). We additionally performance that were × levels, tracking survivorship adulthood. Warmer enhanced activation break, but development slowed down past 21°C. Higher accelerated effect was inconclusive larvae. There no interaction either species. activity more quickly increases than seedlings, resulting at warmer temperatures. Activation rates highest 27°C, while adulthood following At beyond reached winters springs will likely initially increase between casebearer, exposing younger, potentially nutritious foliage, extremely warm may decrease